Methods, compositions, and systems for killing arthropods

ABSTRACT

A method for killing arthropods may include providing a mineral composition to a substrate that arthropods will contact, wherein the mineral composition is not a carrier for a chemical toxin. The mineral composition may include an aluminosilicate particulate, wherein contact between the mineral composition and an arthropod results in death of the arthropod. A composition for killing arthropods may include a mineral composition for associating with a substrate. The mineral composition may include at least one of an aluminosilicate particulate and a diatomaceous earth particulate, wherein the mineral composition is not a carrier for a chemical toxin. The mineral composition may have a median particle size d50 of 10 μm or less. A system for killing arthropods may include a mineral composition including at least one of an aluminosilicate particulate and a diatomaceous earth particulate. The system may further include a substrate, wherein the mineral composition is associated with the substrate.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority from U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/294,400, filed on Feb. 12, 2016; U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/355,316, filed on Jun. 27, 2016; and U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/420,370, filed on Nov. 10, 2016, each of which isincorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

FIELD OF DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to methods, compositions, and systems forkilling arthropods, and more particularly, to methods, compositions, andsystems including aluminosilicate particulate and/or diatomaceous earthparticulate for killing arthropods,

BACKGROUND

Chemical insecticides and similar chemical toxins have been used torepel or kill undesirable arthropods, such as, for example, arachnidsand insects. For example, they may be used to protect agriculturalcommodities, such as plants, crops, seeds, grain, and products derivedfrom plants, from infestation. In addition, some insects such asmosquitos are known to transmit harmful and sometimes fatal diseases,such as malaria. However, many chemical toxins suffer from a number ofundesirable characteristics. For example, many such toxins includechemical compositions that are harmful to the environment and humans aswell as to the undesirable arthropods. In addition, undesirablearthropods may develop a resistance to some chemical toxins over time,and thus, the chemical toxins become less effective.

As a result, it is desirable to develop alternative methods,compositions, and systems to kill undesirable arthropods whilemitigating or eliminating undesirable effects to the environment andhumans, and maintain the long term effectiveness without resistancedeveloped by arthropods. The methods, compositions, and systemsdisclosed herein may kill undesirable arthropods and mitigate oreliminate one or more of the undesirable effects.

SUMMARY

In the following description, certain aspects and embodiments willbecome evident. It should be understood that the aspects andembodiments, in their broadest sense, could be practiced without havingone or more features of these aspects and embodiments. It should heunderstood that these aspects and embodiments are merely exemplary.

According to a first aspect, a method for killing arthropods may includeproviding a mineral composition to a substrate that arthropods willcontact, wherein the mineral composition is not a carrier for a chemicaltoxin. The mineral composition may include an aluminosilicateparticulate, wherein contact between the mineral composition and anarthropod results in death of the arthropod.

According to yet another aspect, a composition for killing arthropodsmay include a mineral composition for associating with a substrate. Themineral composition may include at least one of an aluminosilicateparticulate and a diatomaceous earth particulate, wherein the mineralcomposition is not a carrier for a chemical toxin. The mineralcomposition may have a median particle size d₅₀ of 10 μm or less.

According to yet another embodiment, the mineral composition may have alow crystalline silica content (e.g., quartz, cristobalite, etc.), suchas for example less than about 2% crystalline silica.

According to a further aspect, a system for killing arthropods mayinclude a mineral composition including at least one of analuminosilicate particulate and a diatomaceous earth particulate. Thesystem may further include a substrate, wherein the mineral compositionis associated with the substrate. According to one aspect, the substratemay include an adhesive tape, such as a single-sided or double-sidedadhesive tape.

According to another aspect, a method for killing arthropods may includeapplying an aluminosilicate particulate to an area or item using anaerosol delivery system.

According to another aspect, a method for protecting an agriculturalcommodity from an arthropod may include applying an amount of a mineralcomposition to the agricultural commodity, wherein the mineralcomposition is not a carrier for a chemical toxin. The mineralcomposition may include an aluminosilicate particulate, wherein contactbetween the mineral composition and an arthropod results in death of thearthropod.

Aside from the arrangements set forth above, the embodiments couldinclude a number of other arrangements, such as those explainedhereinafter. It is to be understood that both the foregoing descriptionand the following description are exemplary only.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of this description, illustrate several exemplary embodiments andtogether with the description, serve to explain the principles of theembodiments, in the drawings,

FIG. 1 is a graph showing average mortality of a mosquito population vs.exposure time for an exemplary milled expanded ultrafine perlite sample.

FIG. 2 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of an exemplarymilled expanded ultrafine perlite sample.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are SEM images of the exemplary milled expandedultrafine perlite sample taken at a higher magnification than FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is an SEM image of a portion of a dead mosquito from the testing.

FIG. 5 is an SEM image of another portion of a dead mosquito from thetesting.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in more detail to a number of exemplaryembodiments of the methods, compositions, and systems.

According to some embodiments, a method for killing arthropods mayinclude providing a mineral composition to a substrate that arthropodswill contact, wherein the mineral composition is not a carrier for achemical insecticide or toxin. The mineral composition may include analuminosilicate particulate, wherein contact between the mineralcomposition and an arthropod results in death of the arthropod. Themineral compositions herein may serve as an insecticide that killarthropods while avoiding insecticide resistance, e.g., thus avoidingchemical resistance typical of chemical insecticides,

The arthropod may include, for example, at least one of Insecta andArachnida. For example, the Insecta may include one of Coleoptera,Diptera, Lepidopterea, Hemiptera, and Thysanoptera. For example, theInsecta may include one of a beetle, a potato beetle, a flea beetle, alarvae of a fly, a larvae of whitefly, a larvae of mosquito, a mosquito(e.g., Anopheles gambiae), a caterpillar of moths, a caterpillar ofearworm, a corn earworm, a caterpillar of armyworm, a caterpillar oflooper, a caterpillar of leafminer, a lygus bug, an aphid, a psyllid, ascale insect, a mealybug, a head louse, and a thrip. According to someembodiments, the Arachnida may include Acari. For example, the Acari mayinclude one of a spider mite, a rust mite, and a gall mite. Otherarthropods are contemplated for use in the systems, devices, and methodsherein.

Without to wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the hardsharp edges of the mineral composition may be effective in killingarthropods, including but not limited to, for example, mosquitos. It isthought that the sharp edges can scratch the waxy or oily outer layer ofthe insects (such as soft-bodied insects), which then results in deathby dehydration. Mineral particulates having a smaller (including, e.g.,ultrafine) particle size distribution may have relatively sharper edgesthan mineral particulates having a relatively larger particle sizedistribution. Smaller particles may also be more easily transferred andattached to the body of insects to scratch their outer layer with hardsharp edges. Thus, mineral particulates having a relatively smallerparticle size distribution may be more effective at killing arthropodsvia a mechanical insecticide effect, for example, without the use orpresence of chemical insecticides or toxins.

According to some embodiments, the aluminosilicate particulate mayinclude natural glass or a material derived from a natural glass. Forexample, the aluminosilicate particulate may be selected from the groupconsisting of perlite, pumice, volcanic ash, calcined kaolin, smectite,mica, shirasu, obsidian, pitchstone, rice hull ash, and combinationsthereof. For example, the aluminosilicate particulate may includeexpanded perlite, such as, for example, milled expanded perlite.

The term “natural glass,” as used herein, refers to natural glasses.Which may also be referred to as “volcanic glasses,” that are formed bythe rapid cooling of siliceous magma or lava. Several types of naturalglasses are known, including but not limited to, for example, perlite,pumice, pumicite, obsidian, and pitchstone. Volcanic glasses, such asperlite and pumice, occur in massive deposits and find wide commercialuse. Volcanic ash, often referred to as “tuff” when in consolidatedform, includes small particles or fragments that may be in glassy form.As used herein, the term “natural glass” encompasses volcanic ash.

Natural glasses may be chemically equivalent to rhyolite. Naturalglasses that are chemically equivalent to trachyte, dacite, andesite,lathe, and basalt are also known, but may be less common. The term“obsidian” is generally applied to large numbers of natural glasses thatare rich in silica. Obsidian glasses may be classified intosubcategories according to their silica content, with rhyoliticobsidians (containing typically about 73% SiO₂ by weight) being the mostcommon.

Perlite is a hydrated natural glass that may contain, for example, about72% to about 75% SiO₂ by weight, about 12% to about 14% Al₂O₃ by weight,about 0.5% to about 2% Fe₂O₃ by weight, about 3% to about 5% Na₂O byweight, about 4 to about 5% K₂O by weight, about 0.4% to about 1.5% CaOby weight, and small amounts of other metallic elements. Perlite may bedistinguished from other natural glasses by a relatively higher content(such as about 2% to about 5% by weight) of chemically-bonded water, thepresence of a vitreous, pearly luster, and characteristic concentric orarcuate onion skin-like (i.e., perlitic) fractures, Perlite products maybe prepared by milling and thermal expansion, and may possess uniquephysical properties such as high porosity, low bulk density, andchemical inertness. “Perlite,” as used herein, also includes expandedperlite. Perlite typically has a Mohs hardness greater than about 5,such as ranging from about 5.5 to about 7.0.

Pumice is a natural glass characterized by a mesoporous structure (e.g.,having pores or vesicles, sometimes having pore sizes up to about 1millimeter), The porous nature of pumice gives it a very low apparentdensity, in many cases allowing it to float on the surface of water.Most commercial pumice contains from about 60% to about 70% SiO₂ byweight. Pumice may be processed by milling and classification, andproducts may be used as lightweight aggregates and also as abrasives,adsorbents, and fillers,

Rice hulls contain sufficient silica that they can be commercially achedfor their siliceous residue, a product commonly known as “rice hullash,” Certain sponges are also concentrated sources of silica, theremnants of which may be found in geologic deposits as acicularspicules.

Particle sizes and other particle size properties referred to in thepresent disclosure may be measured by any appropriate measurementtechnique now known to the skilled artisan or hereafter discovered, suchas, for example, a Sedigraph 5100 instrument, as supplied byMicromeritics Corporation, or a Microtrac Model X-100, as supplied byLeeds & Norththrup, Using such measuring devices, the size of a givenparticle is expressed in terms of the diameter of a sphere of equivalentdiameter, sometimes referred to as “an equivalent spherical diameter” or“ESD.” The median particle size, or the “d₅₀” value, or d₅₀ diameter, isthe value determined by the particle ESD at which 50% by weight of theparticles have an ESD less than the d₅₀ value. Similarly, the top size“d₉₀” value, or d₉₀ diameter, is the value determined by the particleESD at Which 90% by weight of the particles have an ESD less than thetop size d₉₀ value, and the “d₁₀” value, or d₁₀ diameter, is the valuedetermined by the particle ESD at which 10% by weight of the particleshave an ESD less than the d₁₀ value. Other methods and/or devices fordetermining particle size and related properties are contemplated.

According to some embodiments of the method, the aluminosilicateparticulate may have a median particle size (d₅₀ of 15 μm or less, 12 μmor less, or 10 μm or less. For example, the aluminosilicate particulatemay have a median particle size d₅₀ of 7.5 μm or less, a median particlesize d₅₀ of 5 μm or less, or a median particle size d₅₀ of 2.5 μm orless. According to some embodiments, the aluminosilicate particulate mayhave a top particle size d₉₀ of 45 μm or less. For example, thealuminosilicate particulate may have a top particle size d₉₀ of 35 μm orless, a top particle size d₉₀ of 25 μm or less, a top particle size d₉₀of 15 μm or less, a top particle size d₉₀ of 20 μm or less, or a topparticle size d₉₀ of 10 μm or less. According to some embodiments, thealuminosilicate particulate may have a particle size d₁₀ of 2.5 μm orless. For example, the aluminosilicate particulate may have a particlesize d₁₀ of 1.5 μm or less, or a particle size d₁₀ of 1.0 μm or less.

According to some embodiments of the method, the aluminosilicateparticulate may have a median particle size d₅₀ of 10 μm or less, a topparticle size d₉₀ of 45 m or less, and a particle size d₁₀ of 2.5 μm orless. According to some embodiments, the aluminosilicate, particulatemay have a median particle size d₅₀ of 5 μm or less, a top particle sized₉₀ of 35 μm or less, and a particle size d₁₀ of 1.5 μm or less.According to some embodiments, the aluminosilicate particulate may havea median particle size d₅₀ of 3 μm or less, a top particle size d₉₀ of11 μm or less, and a particle size d₁₀ of 1.2 μm or less.

According to some aspects of the present disclosure, the aluminosilicateparticulate may have a d₅₀ particle size ranging from 0.5 μm to 12 μmsuch as from 1 μm to 10 μm, from 2 μm to 8 μm, from 3 μm to 5 μm, from 4μm to 6 μm, from 1 μm to 2 μm, from 0.5 μm to 2 μm, or from 0.5 μm to 1μm. Further for example, the aluminosilicate particulate may have a d₁₀particle size ranging from 0.2 μm to 5 μm, such as from 0.5 μm to 3 μm,from 0.7 μm to 1.5 μm, or from 1 μm to 1.5 μm and/or the aluminosilicateparticulate may have a d₉₀ particle size ranging from 10 μm to 40 μm,such as from 25 μm to 35 μm, from 30 μm to 35 μm, from 20 μm to 25 μm,or from 30 μm to 40 μm. The aluminosilicate particulates may comprise,for example, perlite or diatomaceous earth.

According to one embodiment, the crystalline silica content ofaluminosilicate described herein is less than about 5% by weightrelative to the total weight of the calcined diatomite, in oneembodiment, the crystalline silica content is less than about 3% byweight. In another embodiment, the crystalline silica content is lessthan about 2% by weight. In a further embodiment, the crystalline silicacontent is less than about 1% by weight, In yet another embodiment, thecrystalline silica content is less than about 0.5% by weight. In yet afurther embodiment, the crystalline silica content is less than about0,2% by weight. In still another embodiment, the crystalline silicacontent is less than about 0.1% by weight.

Crystalline silica content may be measured, for example, by thequantitative X-ray diffraction method outlined in H. P. Klug and L. E.Alexander, X-Ray Diffraction Procedures for Polycrystalline andAmorphous Materials 531-563 (2nd ed. 1972). According to that method, asample is milled in a mortar and pestle to a fine powder, thenback-loaded into a sample holder. The sample and its holder are placedinto the beam path of an X-ray diffraction system and exposed tocollimated X-rays using an accelerating voltage of 40 kV and a currentof 20 mA focused on a copper target. Diffraction data are acquired bystep-scanning over the angular region representing the interplanarspacing within the crystalline lattice structure of crystalline silica,yielding the greatest diffracted intensity. That region ranges from 21to 23 2 θ (2-theta), with data collected in 0.05 2 θ steps, counted for20 seconds per step. The net integrated peak intensity is compared withthose of standards of crystalline silica prepared by the standardadditions method in amorphous silica to determine the weight percent ofthe crystalline silica phase in a sample.

According to some embodiments of the method, the aluminosilicateparticulate may have a platy morphology. As used herein, “platymorphology” refers to particulates having an aspect ratio greaterthan 1. In contrast, particulates having an aspect ratio less than orequal to 1 would be considered to have a “blocky morphology.”

The morphology of the aluminosilicate particulate, according to someembodiments, may be characterized by aspect ratio. The aspect ratio of aparticulate refers generally to a ratio of the length-to-width of theparticulate. For a given particulate sample, the aspect ratio may bedetermined as an average. For example, the aspect ratio of thealuminosilicate particulate according to some embodiments may bedetermined by first depositing a slurry including a sample of thealuminosilicate particulate on a standard SEM stage and coating theslurry with platinum. Images of the slurry may thereafter be obtained,and the particle dimensions may be determined, for example, using acomputer-based analysis, in which it is assumed that the thickness andwidth of the particles are equal. The aspect ratio may then bedetermined by averaging a number of calculations (e.g., fiftycalculations) of individual particle length-to-width aspect ratios.Other methods of determining aspect ratios are contemplated.

According to some embodiments, the aluminosilicate particulate may havean aspect ratio of at least 3:1. For example, the aluminosilicateparticulate may have an aspect ratio of at least 12:1, an aspect ratioof at least 15:1, an aspect ratio of at least 18:1, an aspect ratio ofat least 24:1, an aspect ratio of at least 34:1, or an aspect ratio ofat least 55:1.

According to some embodiments of the method, the aluminosilicateparticulate may have a median plate thickness of less than or equal toabout 2 μm, such as, for example, less than or equal to about 1 μm.According to some embodiments, the aluminosilicate particulate may havea median plate thickness ranging from about 0.05 μm to about 2 μm.

According to some embodiments of the method, the aluminosilicateparticulate may have at least four sharp corners. In some embodiments,the sharp corners may have an angle of less than about 150 degrees, suchas, for example, less than about 120 degrees or ranging from about 90 toabout 150 degrees.

According to some embodiments, the mineral composition may furtherinclude diatomaceous earth particulate. Diatomaceous earth particulatemay be obtained from naturally occurring or “natural” diatomaceous earth(also called “DE” or “diatomite”), which is generally known as asediment-enriched in biogenic silica (i.e., silica produced or broughtabout by living organisms) in the form of siliceous skeletons(frustules) of diatoms. Diatoms are a diverse array of microscopic,single-celled, golden-brown algae generally of the classBacillariophyceae that possess an ornate siliceous skeleton of variedand intricate structures including two valves that, in the livingdiatom, fit together much like a pill box.

Diatomaceous earth may form from the remains of water-borne diatoms, andtherefore, diatomaceous earth deposits may be found close to eithercurrent or former bodies of water. Those deposits are generally dividedinto two categories based on source: freshwater and saltwater.Freshwater diatomaceous earth is generally mined from dry lakebeds andmay be characterized as having a low crystalline silica content and ahigh iron content. In contrast, saltwater diatomaceous earth isgenerally extracted from oceanic areas and may be characterized ashaving a high crystalline silica content and a low iron content.

According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, thediatomaceous earth particulate may have a median particle size d₅₀ of 5μm or less. For example, the diatomaceous earth particulate may have amedian particle size d₅₀ of 1 μm or less, a median particle size d₅₀ of7.5 μm or less, or a median particle size d₅₀ of 5 μm or less, or amedian particle size d₅₀ of 2 μm or less, or a median particle size d₅₀of 1 μm or less. According to some embodiments, the diatomaceous earthparticulate may have a top particle size d₉₀ of 45 μm or less. Forexample, the diatomaceous earth particulate may have a top particle sized₉₀ of 35 μm or less, a top particle size d₉₀ of 25 μm or less, or a topparticle size d₉₀ of 10 μm or less. According to some embodiments, thediatomaceous earth particulate may have a particle size d₁₀ of 5 μm orless. For example, the diatomaceous earth particulate may have aparticle size d₁₀ of 2.5 μm or less, or a particle size d₁₀ of 1.5 μm orless, or a particle size d₁₀ of 1.0 μm or less.

According to some aspects of the present disclosure, the diatomaceousearth particulate may have a (d₅₀ particle size ranging from 0.5 μm to12 μm, such as from 1 μm to 10 μm, from 2 μm to 8 μm, from 3 μm to 5 μm,from 4 μm to 6 μm, from 1 μm to 2 μm, from 0.5 μm to 2 μm, or from 0.5μm to 1 μm. Further for example, the diatomaceous earth particulate mayhave a d₁₀ particle size ranging from 0.2 μm to 5 μm, such as from 0.5μm to 3 μm, from 0.7 μm to 1.5 μm, or from 1 μm to 1,5 μm and/or thediatomaceous earth particulate may have a d₉₀ particle size ranging from10 μm to 40 μm, such as from 25 μm to 35 μm, from 30 μm to 35 μm, from20 μm to 25 μm, or from 30 μm to 40 μm.

According to some embodiments of the method, the diatomaceous earthparticulate may have a median particle size d₅₀ of 12.5 or less, a topparticle size d₉₀ of 35 μm or less, and a particle size d₁₀ of 5 μm orless. According to some embodiments, the diatomaceous earth particulatemay have a median particle size d₅₀ of 5 μm or less, a top particle sized₉₀ of 10 μm or less, and a particle size d₁₀ of 2.5 μm or less.

According to some embodiments of the method, the substrate may includeat least one of an agricultural commodity, a building surface (e.g., awall surface or ground surface), a single or double sided tape, and anetting. For example, the agricultural commodity may include at leastone of a crop, a plant, a seed, a grain, and a product derived from aplant. According to some embodiments, the substrate may include netting(e.g., mosquito netting) and tape, and the arthropod may include amosquito (e.g., Anopheles gambiae).

According to some other embodiments, a method for killing arthropods mayinclude applying an aluminosilicate particulate to an area or item usingan aerosol delivery system. For example, an aerosol spray apparatussimilar to that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,398,771B1 to Phillips foruse with diatomite could be adapted for use with an aluminosilicateparticulate.

According to some other embodiments, a method for killing arthropods mayinclude applying an aluminosilicate particulate to an area or item as awettable powder in a dilute suspension through liquid sprayingequipment.

According to some embodiments, a composition for killing arthropods mayinclude a mineral composition for associating with a substrate. Themineral composition may include at least one of an aluminosilicateparticulate and a diatomaceous earth particulate, wherein the mineralcomposition is not a carrier for a chemical insecticide or toxins. Themineral composition may have a median particle size (d₅₀ of 10 μm orless.

According to some embodiments of the composition, the aluminosilicateparticulate may include natural glass. For example, the aluminosilicateparticulate may be selected from the group consisting of polite, pumice,volcanic ash, calcined kaolin, smectite, mica, shirasu, obsidian,pitchstone, rice hull ash, and combinations thereof. For example, thealuminosilicate particulate may include expanded perlite, such as, forexample, milled expanded perlite.

According to some embodiments of the composition, the aluminosilicateparticulate may have a median particle size d₅₀ of 10 μm or less. Forexample, the aluminosilicate particulate may have a median particle sized₅₀ of 7.5 μm or less, a median particle size d₅₀ of 5 μm or less, or amedian particle size d₅₀ of 2.5 μm or less. According to someembodiments, the aluminosilicate particulate may have a top particlesize d₉₀ of 45 μm or less. For example, the aluminosilicate particulatemay have a top particle size d₉₀ of 35 μm or less, a top particle sized₉₀ of 25 μm or less, or a top particle size d₉₀ of 10 _(l)am or less.According to some embodiments, the aluminosilicate particulate may havea particle size d₁₀ of 2.5 μm or less. For example, the aluminosilicateparticulate may have a particle size d₁₀ of 1.5 μm or less, or aparticle size d₁₀ of 1.0 μm or less.

According to some embodiments of the composition, the aluminosilicateparticulate may have a median particle size d₅₀ of 10 μm or less, a topparticle size d₉₀ of 45 μm or less, and a particle size d₁₀ of 2.5 μm orless. According to some embodiments, the aluminosilicate particulate mayhave a median particle size d₅₀ of 5 μm or less, a top particle size d₉₀of 35 μm or less, and a particle size d₁₀ of 1.5 μm or less. Accordingto some embodiments, the aluminosilicate particulate may have a medianparticle size d₅₀ of 3 μm or less, a top particle size d₉₀ of 11 μm orless, and a particle size d₁₀ of 1.2 μm or less.

According to some embodiments of the composition, the aluminosilicateparticulate may have a platy morphology. For example, thealuminosilicate particulate may have an aspect ratio of at least 3:1.For example, the aluminosilicate particulate may have an aspect ratio ofat least 12:1, an aspect ratio of at least 15:1, an aspect ratio of atleast 18:1, an aspect ratio of at least 24:1, an aspect ratio of atleast 34:1, or an aspect ratio of at least 55:1.

According to some embodiments of the composition, the aluminosilicateparticulate may have a median plate thickness of less than or equal toabout 2 μm, such as, for example, less than or equal to about 1 μm.According to some embodiments, the aluminosilicate particulate may havea median plate thickness ranging from about 0.05 μm to about 2 μm.

According to some embodiments of the composition, the aluminosilicateparticulate may have at least four sharp corners. In some embodiments,the sharp corners may have an angle of less than about 150 degrees, suchas, for example, less than about 120 degrees or ranging from about 90 toabout 150 degrees.

According to some embodiments, the aluminosilicate may be modified bysilanization to render the surfaces more hydrophobic using the methodsappropriate for silicate minerals (see e.g., U.S. Patent 3,915,735 andU.S. Pat. 4,260,498). For example, the aluminosilicate can be placed ina vessel., and a small quantity of dimethyldichlorosilane (i.e.,SiCl₂(CH₃)₂) hexadimethylsilazane (i.e., (CH₃)₃Si—NE—Si(CH₃)₃) added tothe vessel. Reaction can be allowed to take place at the surface in thevapor phase over a 24 hr period, resulting in more hydrophobic products.Other hydrophobic coatings such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) can alsobe used.

According to some other embodiments, the surface charge of thealuminosilicate can also be modified to a more positively charged formusing various coating agents such as amine containing molecules,multivalent metal cation, or amino acids.

According to some embodiments of the composition, the diatomaceous earthparticulate may have a median particle size d₅₀ of 1.5 μm or less. Forexample, the diatomaceous earth particulate may have a median particlesize d₅₀ of 12 μm or less, a median particle size d₅₀ of 7.5 μm or less,or a median particle size d₅₀ of 5 μm or less. According to someembodiments, the diatomaceous earth particulate may have a top particlesize d₉₀ of 45 μm or less. For example, the diatomaceous earthparticulate may have a top particle size d₉₀ of 35 μm or less, a topparticle size d₉₀ of 25 μm or less, or a top particle size d₉₀ of 10 μmor less. According to some embodiments, the diatomaceous earthparticulate may have a particle size d₁₀ of 5 μm or less. For example,the diatomaceous earth particulate may have a particle size d₁₀ of 2.5μm or less, or a particle size d₁₀ of 1.5 μm or less.

According to some embodiments of the composition, the diatomaceous earthparticulate may have a median particle size d₅₀ of 12.5 μm or less, atop particle size d₉₀ of 35 μm or less, and a particle size d₁₀ of 5 μmor less. According to some embodiments, the diatomaceous earthparticulate may have a median particle size d₅₀ of 5 μm or less, a topparticle size d₉₀ of 10 μm or less, and a particle size d₁₀ of 2.5 μm orless.

According to some embodiments, the diatomaceous earth may he modified bysilanization to render the surfaces more hydrophobic using the methodsappropriate for silicate minerals (see e.g., Moreland, 1975; Sample,1981). For example, the diatomaceous earth can he placed in a vessel,and a small quantity of dimethyldichlorosilane (i.e., SiCl₂(CH₃)₂) orhexadimethylsilazane (i.e., (CH)₃ Si—NH—Si(CH₃)₃) added to the vessel.Reaction can be allowed to take place at the surface in the vapor phaseover a 24 hr period, resulting in more hydrophobic products. Otherhydrophobic coatings such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) can also beused.

According to some other embodiments, the surface charge of thediatomaceous earth can also be modified to a more positively chargedform using various coating agents such as amine containing molecules,multivalent metal cation, or amino acids.

According to some embodiments, a system for killing arthropods mayinclude a mineral composition including at least one of analuminosilicate particulate and a diatomaceous earth particulateaccording those described herein. The system may further include asubstrate, wherein the mineral composition is associated with thesubstrate,

According to some embodiments of the system, the substrate may includenetting, and the system may further include a binder associated with thenetting, wherein the binder adheres the mineral composition to thenetting. For example, the binder may include a polymer, such as, forexample, acrylic polymer or other similar polymers. Other binders arecontemplated.

According to some embodiments of the system, the substrate may includean adhesive tape, such as a single-sided or double-sided adhesive tape.Exemplary tapes that could be used as a substrate for the mineralcomposition/insecticide include for example commercial double sidedtapes with different tackiness such as 3M 666 (low density polyethylene(LDPE) liner with repositionable medium tack adhesive 1070 on a clearUPVC film carrier), 3M 9415PC (high tack 3M™ 400 acrylic adhesive on oneside and low tack 3M™ 1000 series repositionable acrylic adhesive (‘postit’) on the other side of a polyester film carrier) and 3M 9425 (hightack acrylic adhesive 420 on one side and medium tack acrylic adhesive1050 on the other side polycoated kraft paper liner with a UPVCcarrier).

According to one embodiment, a protective liner can be removed from oneside of a double sided tape. The exposed tacky surface of tape side notcovered with liner can then be treated to attach the mechanicalinsecticide powder by pressing the tacky surface of the tape onto alayer of mineral composition/insecticide powder evenly to make powderstick on the tape surface. Alternatively, the mechanical insecticidepowder can be attached to the tape surface by blowing the mechanicalinsecticide powder onto the tape surface using compressed air.

Similar procedures can also be used to apply the mineral composition tothe tape surface originally covered with liner, by peeling off the linerprior to attaching the mechanical insecticide powder. After themechanical insecticide powder has been attached to the tape surface, theliner can be re-affixed onto the tape surface to protect the mechanicalinsecticide powder. Double sided tapes with mechanical insecticide canbe placed on selected indoor furniture and surfaces, behind freestanding cupboards and cabinets, under beds and other furniture, behindheadboards, etc. The double sided tape with mechanical insecticide canalso be placed around window frames or selected patches of paintedsurfaces. Additionally, the double sided tape with mechanicalinsecticide can also be applied to exterior surfaces that are protectedfrom rain exposure, e.g., patios, awnings, etc.

Loading level of the mechanical insecticide on the tape can becalculated by measuring the weight increase of the tape after powderattachment and the tape area. For example, loading level for themicronized perlite mechanical insecticide on the 3M 666 double sidedtape can be in the range of 5 g/m² to 100 g/m², such as from about 10g/m² to about 80 g/m², or from about 20 g/m² to about 70 g/m², or fromabout 35 g/m²to about 55 g/m², or about 43 g/m².

According to some embodiments, a method for killing arthropods mayinclude applying an aluminosilicate particulate to an area or item usingan aerosol delivery system. For example, the aerosol delivery system caninclude a spray can suitable for spraying powder, such as that describedin U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,389,771; 6,394,321; or 6,581,807. In general, suchan apparatus may include a metal can or other suitable rigid containerfor holding pressurized gas. The aerosol delivery system may alsoinclude a propellant, such as for example a mixture of isobutane andpropane (e.g., propellant A-46) or a liquefied petroleum gas (e.g.,propellant blend A70),

In one embodiment, an un natured anhydrous alcohol can be intermixedwith the aluminosilicate particulate. The alcohol may include aconventional propellant alcohol such as SD-40 or SDAG-6 that is capableof evaporating rapidly one sprayed, thereby leaving driedaluminosilicate particulate on a sprayed surface.

In some embodiments, the aluminosilicate particulate may be present inan amount of at least 3% by weight of the contents of the aerosoldelivery system, such as for example at least 5% by weight of thecontents, at least 7% by weight of the contents, or at least 10% byweight of the contents. In other embodiments, the aluminosilicateparticulate may be present as an aqueous slurry in an amount of at least15% by weight, such as for example at least 25% by weight, or at least35% by weight, and the slurry can be present in an amount of at least10% or more of the contents of the delivery system. In such embodimentsthe propellant may be present in an amount of more than about 35% byweight of the contents of the aerosol delivery system and/or the alcoholmay be more than about 55% by weight of the contents of the aerosoldelivery system,

One skilled in the art will appreciate that the contents of the aerosoldelivery system need not be exactly in the aforementioned proportions,that the spray apparatus may function similarly with more or less ofthose components, and that “about” in this context means refers tovariations of the aforementioned proportions that allow the sprayapparatus to function with similar results.

According to some embodiments of the system, the substrate may includean agricultural commodity that may include at least one of crops,plants, seeds, grain, and products derived from a plant. According tosome embodiments, the mineral composition may be applied to the cropsand plants, for example, such that it is adhered to the crops andplants. According to some embodiments, the mineral composition may bemixed with at least one of seeds, grain, and a product derived from aplant.

According to some embodiments, a method for protecting an agriculturalcommodity from an arthropod may include applying an amount of a mineralcomposition to the agricultural commodity, wherein the mineralcomposition is not a carrier for a chemical insecticide or toxin. Themineral composition may include an aluminosilicate particulate, whereincontact between the mineral composition and an arthropod results indeath of the arthropod.

According to some embodiments of the method for protecting, the methodmay be effective in protecting a plant including at least one of a cornplant, a citrus tree, a chickpea plant, a broccoli plant, a lettuceplant, a cabbage plant, and a strawberry plant. According to someembodiments of the method, the plant may include one of a cereal, anoilseed, a fruit tree, a berry plant, a vegetable, a pasture plant, aforage plant, and a fungi.

According to some embodiments of the method for protecting, theagricultural commodity may include plants, and the method may furtherinclude forming a slurry including the mineral composition, and applyingthe mineral composition includes spraying the slurry onto the plants.

For example, according to some embodiments of the method for protecting,the slurry may include water. According to some embodiments, the slurrymay further include at least one of soap and a composition including atleast one of pyrethins and azadirachtin mixed in water. For example, thesoap may be composition including fatty acids, such as, for example,potassium fatty acids, dissolved in water, such as, for example, softwater. For example, the fatty acids may be long-chain fatty acids havingfrom 10 to 18 carbon atoms. Embodiments of slurry including at least oneof pyrethins and azadirachtin mixed in water may be present in a productmarketed under the tradename AZERA®. It is contemplated that the slurrycomposition may include other compositions.

According to some embodiments of the method for protecting, the slurrymay include from 0.1 lbs. to 1.5 lbs, of the mineral composition pergallon of slurry. For example, the slurry may include from 0.2 lbs. to1.3 lbs, of the mineral composition per gallon of slurry. For example,the slurry may include from 0.3 lbs. to 1.2 lbs. of mineral compositionper gallon of slurry, for example, from 0.5 lbs. to 1.0 lbs, of mineralcomposition per gallon of slurry.

According to some embodiments, the slurry may include the mineralcomposition, water, and one or more additional additives. For example,the slurry may include one or more of dispersants, wetting agents,antifoaming agents, thickeners, antifreeze, and anti-microbial agents.

According to some embodiments of the method for protecting, theagricultural commodity may include at least one of seeds, grain, and aproduct derived from a plant, and applying the mineral composition mayinclude mixing the mineral composition with the at least one of seeds,grain, and a product derived from a plant.

According to some embodiments of the method for protecting, thealuminosilicate particulate may include natural glass. For example, thealuminosilicate particulate may be selected from the group consisting ofperlite, pumice, volcanic ash, calcined kaolin, smectite, mica, shirasu,obsidian, pitchstone, rice hull ash, and combinations thereof. Forexample, the aluminosilicate particulate may include expanded perlite,such as, for example, milled expanded perlite.

According to some embodiments of the method for protecting, thealuminosilicate particulate may have a median particle size cl₅₀ of 10μm or less. For example, the aluminosilicate particulate may have amedian particle size d₅₀ of 7.5 μm or less, a median particle size d₅₀of 5 μm or less, or a median particle size d₅₀ of 2.5 μm or less.According to some embodiments, the aluminosilicate particulate may havea top particle size d₉₀ of 45 μm or less. For example, thealuminosilicate particulate may have a top particle size d₉₀ of 35 μm orless, a top particle size d₉₀ of 25 μm or less, or a top particle sized₉₀ of 10 μm or less. According to some embodiments, the aluminosilicateparticulate may have a particle size d₁₀ of 2.5 μm or less. For example,the aluminosilicate particulate may have a particle size d₁₀ of 1.5 μmor less, or a particle size d₁₀ of 1.0 μm or less.

According to some embodiments of the method for protecting, thealuminosilicate particulate may have a median particle size d₅₀ of 10 μmor less, a top particle size d₉₀ of 45 or less, and a particle size d₁₀of 2.5 μm or less. According to some embodiments, the aluminosilicateparticulate may have a median particle size d₅₀ of 5 μm or less, a topparticle size d₉₀ of 35 μm or less, and a particle size d₁₀ of 1.5 μm orless. According to some embodiments, the aluminosilicate particulate mayhave a median particle size d₅₀ of 3 μm or less, a top particle size d₉₀of 11 μm or less, and a particle size d₁₀ of 1.2 μm or less,

According to some embodiments of the method for protecting, thealuminosilicate particulate may have a platy morphology. For example,the aluminosilicate particulate may have an aspect ratio of at least3:1. For example, the aluminosilicate particulate may have an aspectratio of at least 12:1. an aspect ratio of at least 15:1, an aspectratio of at least 18:1, an aspect ratio of at least 24:1. an aspectratio of at least 34:1, or an aspect ratio of at least 55:1.

According to some embodiments of the method for protecting, thediatomaceous earth particulate may have a median particle size d₅₀ of 15μm or less. For example, the diatomaceous earth particulate may have amedian particle size d₅₀ of 12 μm or less, a median particle size d₅₀ of7.5 μm or less, or a median particle size d₅₀ of 5 μm or less, or amedian particle size d₅₀ of 2 pin or less, e.g., a d₅₀ diameter rangingfrom 0.5 μm to 2 μm, or from 0.5 μm to 1 μm. According to someembodiments, the diatomaceous earth particulate may have a top particlesize d₉₀ of 45 μm or less. For example, the diatomaceous earthparticulate may have a top particle size d₉₀ of 35 μm or less, a topparticle size d₉₀ of 25 μm or less, or a top particle size d₉₀ of 10 μmor less. According to some embodiments, the diatomaceous earthparticulate may have a particle size d₁₀ of 5 μm or less. For example,the diatomaceous earth particulate may have a particle size d₁₀ of 2.5μm or less, or a particle size d₁₀ of 1.5 μm or less.

According to some embodiments of the method for protecting, thediatomaceous earth particulate may have a median particle size d₅₀ of12.5 μm or less, a top particle size d₉₀ of 35 μm or less, and aparticle size d₁₀ of 5 μm or less. According to some embodiments, thediatomaceous earth particulate may have a median particle size d₅₀ of 5μm or less, a top particle size d₉₀ of 10 μm or less, and a particlesize d₁₀ of 2.5 μm or less.

According to some embodiments, ultra-fine perlite mechanical insecticidecan he used in vector control in home and agriculture to protect human,livestock and poultry, etc.

The following examples are intended to illustrate aspects of the presentdisclosure without, however, being limiting in nature. It is understoodthat the present disclosure encompasses additional embodimentsconsistent with the foregoing description and following examples,

EXAMPLES Example 1

Ultrafine Perlite Sample

An ultrafine perlite sample was prepared using a pilot scale ceramiclined 50-SDG Attritor stirred media mill by Union Process. Acommercially available expanded perlite product was used as the feedmaterial. This feed material had a particle size distribution of a d₁₀of 21 μm and a top size d₉₀ of 112 μm. The feed material was milled athatch mode with thirty minutes milling time. The milled perlite productwas then collected as the ultrafine perlite sample.

The particle size distribution of the ultrafine perlite sample wasdetermined using a Microtrac Model X-100 instrument from Leeds &Northrup. The ultrafine perlite sample was determined to have a particlesize distribution of a d₁₀ of 1.01 μm, a median particle size d₅₀ of4.22 μm and a top size d₉₀ of 32.59 μm. This milled ultrafine perlitecould be air classified to with even finer particle size. For example,the classified ultrafine perlite had a particle size distribution of ad₁₀ of 1.12 μm a median particle size d₅₀ of 2.80 μm, and a top size d₉₀of 10.49 μm. Physical properties of the ultrafine perlite mechanicalinsecticide are listed in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Physical properties of the ultrafine perlite mechanicalinsecticide Loose weight bulk density (lb/cf) 27 Wet density (lb/cf) 62325 mesh retaining (%) 1 Water absorption (%) 33 Oil absorption (%) 39Moisture (%) 0.2 Crystalline silica (%) Below detection limit (0.1%)

To apply the ultrafine perlite mechanical insecticide, high slurryconcentration is preferred to produce high mechanical insecticideloading/coverage on the applied surface. High concentration of particleswith high bulk/wet density and low water/oil absorption can be loadedinto the slurry without increasing the slurry viscosity over the limitfor spraying.

Mosquito Killing Test with Milled Expanded Perlite

Bioassays were conducted with milled expanded ultrafine perlite using asimple cone bioassay approach to determine “LT” values (i.e., the amountof exposure time to kill a certain percentage of a population ofmosquitos). Twenty-five adult female mosquitos (i.e., Anopheles gambiae)(Kisumu, susceptible strain) were used per assay, with each bioassayrepeated three times. Standard environmental conditions were set to atemperature of 27° C. and 35% relative humidity. The cone bioassaysinclude mosquito nets, with the netting coated with a binder of acrylicpolymer, with milled expanded ultrafine perlite samples adhered to theacrylic polymer binder.

Table 2 shows the percentage of mortality of the mosquito testpopulation vs. exposure time, ks shown in Table 1, after two hoursexposure, about 25% of mosquitos were killed. About 63% of the mosquitoswere killed after three hours exposure, and after five hours ofexposure, 99% of the mosquitos were killed. FIG. 1 shows the averagemortality of the three repeats vs. exposure time. Based on theseresults, the time to kill 50% of the mosquitos (LT₅₀) was calculated tobe about 2.7 hours.

TABLE 2 Percentage Mortality vs. Exposure Time Standard Hour(s) Rep 1Rep 2 Rep 3 Average Deviation 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 32 32 12 25 9.43 72 60 56 63 6.8 4 96 96 92 95 1.9 5 100 96 100 99 1.9

The results of this testing show that the milled, expanded ultrafineperlite sample was effective for killing mosquitos. Further, the testingshows that the milled, expanded ultrafine perlite sample was effectivefor killing mosquitos without the use of a chemical insecticide ortoxins.

It was previously believed that desiccation by absorbing wax (lipids)molecules from the epicuticle of insects was the mode of action fornatural powder insecticide. Particles with lower oil and waterabsorption was expected to have lower efficacy. However, the ultrafineperlite mechanical insecticide has very lower water and oil absorptionbut surprisingly was found to have very high efficacy so the killingmechanism for the ultra-fine perlite mechanical insecticide may bedifferent from simple desiccation.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the milled,expanded ultrafine perlite sample may be effective in killing mosquitosbecause the milled expanded ultrafine perlite particles have hard sharpedges that may damage the surface of the mosquitos (i.e., theexoskeleton). For example, FIGS. 2, 3A, and 3B show scanning electronmicroscope (SEM) images of the milled, expanded ultrafine perlitesample. As can be seen, particularly in FIG. 3A, the milled, expandedultrafine perlite sample has a platy morphology including relativelysharp corners, which may damage the exoskeleton of mosquitos (or otherarthropods) by scratching the waxy or oily outer layer of soft-bodiedinsects, which die eventually from dehydration, FIG. 3B shows a higherresolution SEM image of the milled, expanded ultrafine perlite sample.FIGS. 4 and 5 are SEM images of portions of dead mosquitos from thetesting, and particles of the milled, expanded ultrafine perlite samplecan be seen on the mosquito.

Example 2

Mosquito Killing Test with Diatomaceous Earth

Similar to the testing described above, bioassays were conducted using asimple cone bioassay approach to determine time to the LT values (i.e.,the amount of exposure time to kill a certain percentage of themosquitos). One hundred-fifty adult female mosquitos (i.e., Anophelesgambiae) were used per assay. Standard environmental conditions were setto a temperature of 24° C. and 37% relative humidity. The cone bioassaysinclude mosquito nets, with the netting coated with a hinder of acrylicpolymer, with diatomaceous earth samples contacted with the acrylicpolymer binder.

Diatomaceous Earth Particulate Samples

To test the effects of particle size on mosquito mortality, threediatomaceous earth particulate samples were prepared, each having adifferent particle size distribution. Table 3 below shows the particlesize distributions of the three samples A-C. Each of the samples wasprepared from a commercially available diatomaceous earth particulate.

TABLE 3 Diatomaceous Earth Sample Particle Size Distribution Sample d₁₀(μm) d₅₀ (μm) d₉₀ (μm) A - Standard 4 12 32 B - Coarse 12 26 50 C - Fine2 5 10

Table 4 below shows the time to 50% mortality (LT₅₀) (hours) and thetime to 80% mortality (LT₈₀) (hours) for the three diatomaceous earthsamples A-C. As can be seen in Table 4, sample C corresponding to thefiner particle size distribution killed mosquitos more quickly(LT₅₀=1.43 hours; LT₈₀=2.67 hours) with the next finest sample A(standard) killing mosquitos more quickly (LT₅₀=2.5 hours; LT₈₀=3.04hours) than the relatively coarse sample B (coarse) (LT₅₀=5.79 hours;LT₈₀=9.76 hours). This suggests that a diatomaceous earth particulatehaving a finer particle size distribution may be more efficient and/ormore effective in killing mosquitos than a diatomaceous earthparticulate having a relatively larger particle size distribution.

TABLE 4 Time to Mortality for the Diatomaceous Earth Samples A-C SampleLT₅₀ (hours) LT₈₀ (hours) A - Standard 2.5 3.04 B - Coarse 5.79 9.76 C -Fine 1.43 2.67

Example 3

Exemplary Application by Aerosol Spraying onto Bed Netting

A Spra-Tool spraying can (available from Aerovoe Industries, inc.) wasloaded with an expanded, milled ultrafine perlite-based mechanicalinsecticide slurry comprising the expanded, milled perlite of Example 1.It was found that effective spraying was possible at slurryconcentrations as high as 40%. Spray application was made by single passspraying onto a 15 cm×15 cm Texsport polypropylene bed net, and wasfound to result in about 5 g/m² to 7 g/m² dried mechanical insecticideloading (see Table 4 below).

TABLE 5 Slurry Concentration vs Net Loading Slurry Empty Net Sprayed NetConcentration (%) Mass (g) Mass (g) Loading (g/m²) 30 0.56 0.74 8 300.61 0.73 5.333 30 0.59 0.74 6.667 Average 6.667 40 0.51 0.62 4.889 400.65 0.78 5.778 40 0.64 0.74 4.444 Average 5.037

Higher slurry concentration is believed to be preferred since it shouldallow higher loading of solid mechanical insecticide. As shown in Table6 below, the maximum slurry concentration for spraying was found to beonly 15% by weight for a commercial expanded perlite filler having a d₅₀of 17 μm and a water absorption of 250%, due to the high viscosity ofthe slurry (see Table 5 below). In contrast, the expanded, milledultrafine perlite mechanical insecticide was found to be sprayable atconcentrations as high as 40% by weight. It is hypothesized that thehigher water absorption of commercial expanded perlite resulted inhigher viscosity,

TABLE 6 Slurry Concentration vs Viscosity Slurry Sample Concentration(%) Viscosity (KU) DI water 0 0 Expanded, Milled 40 0 Ultrafine PerliteMechanical Insecticide (present disclosure) Expanded Perlite Control 1563

Example 4

Exemplary Application by Double Sided Tape

1-inch and 4-inch wide 3M 942.5 Scotch double sided tapes were sprayedwith ultrafine perlite mechanical insecticide according to Example 1.The insecticide loading was about 34 g/m² to 53 g/m².

TABLE 7 Double sided tapes sprayed with ultrafine perlite mechanicalinsecticide. Tape Width (mm) Tape Length (mm) Loading (g/m²) 25.4 67.033.7 25.4 67.0 52.8 101.6 68.2 52.5

Example 5

Exemplary Field Trial Using Ultrafine Perlite Mechanical Insecticide

During a field trial in New Orleans, bioassays were performed with (1)the expanded, milled ultrafine perlite of Example 1, (2) alambda-cyhalothrin insecticide (BASF) as positive control, and (3) anegative control (water only). Six samples of each insecticide (1) and(2) and the control (3) were tested against mosquito species Aedesaegyti (dengue and zika vector), Aedes albopictus (tiger mosquito), andCulex quinquefasciatus (nuisance mosquito) by spraying wood chips storedunder houses using a STIHL SR 200 backpack sprayer (18 houses total).The houses were selected based on housing structure (raised house),backyard vegetation (green and lush), and location (suburbanneighborhood).

The lambda cyhalothrin (industry standard insecticide) was preparedaccording to manufacturer instructions. Lambda cyhalothrin insecticidewas diluted with water for spray application. First the application tankwas filled with one-half to three-fourths volume of water. The pH of thewater was controlled between 5 and 7 using a buffering agent ifnecessary to adjust the pH. Next, lambda cyhalothrin insecticide wasslowly added to the applicator tank water with maximum agitation.Finally, the tank was filled to the desired volume with continuousagitation while applying the spray. To prepare the perlite insecticidespraying solutions, two-thirds of a gallon of water, 0.32 ounces ofnon-ionic surfactant (Ninex MT615), and 2 lbs expanded, milled ultrafineperlite were thoroughly blended together in a spray tank. Anotherone-third gallon of water was then added for a total 1 gallon of spraysolution containing 20% of ultrafine perlite mechanical insecticide, 79%of water and 1% of Ninex MT615 as dispersant. The ultrafine perlitesolution was mixed directly prior to spraying.

The ultrafine perlite insecticide, the positive control (lambdacyhalothrin)and the negative control (water) were sprayed directly underthe raised houses and porches (which included eaves if reachable) andunder vegetation with an applicator. Pre-treated substrates were alsoprepared for each location by applying the corresponding insecticide orcontrol to a piece of pine. The target coverage was 5-8 ounces per 100ft², with an average coverage of about 10 g/m² to 15 g/m².

Adult mosquitos for each species were introduced to each location, andwere identified and counted two weeks prior to the start of thebioassays. Weekly bioassays were performed to test the efficacy of theinsecticides over time by collecting a pre-treated substrate from eachsite and placing 10 female mosquitos of the corresponding species into alabeled bioassay cup with the substrate. The cup was then placed in agrowth chamber/counter (depending on temperature) for 1 hour and then 24hours with sugar solution. The number of dead and live mosquitos wasrecorded and compared to determine the percent mortality. Results areshown in Tables 8-10, in which 100% indicates complete mortality ofmosquitoes and 0% indicates zero mortality (no mosquito deaths).

TABLE 8 Mortality (%) of Aedes aegypti (2) Lambda cyhalothrin (positive(3) Water Week (1) Ultrafine perlite control) (negative control) 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 2 100 100 0 3 100 100 0 4 100 100 0 4 100 100 0 5 97 100 0 6 73100 0 7 100 100 0 8 100 100 0

TABLE 9 Mortality (%) of Aedes albopictus (2) Lambda cyhalothrin(positive (3) Water Week (1) Ultrafine perlite control) (negativecontrol) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 100 100 0 3 93 100 0 4 87 100 0 5 37 100 0 690 100 0 7 90 100 0 8 100 100 0

TABLE 10 Mortality (%) of Culex quinquefasciatus (2) Lambda cyhalothrin(positive (3) Water Week (1) Ultrafine perlite control) (negativecontrol) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 93 100 0 3 97 100 0 4 100 97 0 5 83 100 0 687 93 0 7 100 100 0 8 90 100 0

A 100% mortality was found for the ultrafine perlite and the lambdacyhalothrin using on each mosquito species. The relative decrease inmortality rates at week 5 coincided with heavy rainfall that caused thewood chips to get wet. Increased mortality rates in the following weeksindicate that efficacy was not lost, however. As shown by the aboveresults, the ultrafine perlite was found to have similar mortalityresults as the lambda cyhalothrin. While the two were found to havesimilar efficacy, it is expected that insects will not develop aresistance to perlite over time as may occur with lambda cyhalothrin orother chemical insecticides.

Other embodiments will he apparent to those skilled in the art fromconsideration of the specification and practice of the embodimentsdisclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples beconsidered as exemplary only.

1. A method for killing arthropods, the method comprising: providing amineral composition to a substrate that arthropods will contact, whereinthe mineral composition is not a carrier for a chemical toxin, whereinthe mineral composition comprises an aluminosilicate particulate, andwherein contact between the mineral composition and an arthropod resultsin death of the arthropod.
 2. (canceled)
 3. The method of claim 1,wherein the aluminosilicate particulate is selected from the groupconsisting of perlite, pumice, volcanic ash, calcined kaolin, smectite,mica, shirasu, obsidian, pitchstone, rice hull ash, and combinationsthereof.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminosilicateparticulate comprises expanded perlite.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the aluminosilicate particulate comprises milled expandedperlite.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminosilicateparticulate has a median particle size d₅₀ of 10 μm or less. 7-9.(canceled)
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminosilicateparticulate has a top particle size d₉₀ of 45 μm or less. 11-15.(canceled)
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminosilicateparticulate has a particle size d₁₀ of 2.5 μm or less. 17-18. (canceled)19. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminosilicate particulate has amedian particle size d₅₀ of 10 μm or less, a top particle size d₉₀ of 45μm or less, and a particle size d₁₀ of 2.5 μm or less. 20-21. (canceled)22. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminosilicate particulate has acrystalline silica content of less than about 1% by weight. 23-33.(canceled)
 34. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminosilicateparticulate has a oil absorption less than about 100 percent by weight.35-37. (canceled)
 38. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminosilicateparticulate has a moisture level less than about 3 percent by weight.39-41. (canceled)
 42. The method of claim 1, wherein the aluminosilicateparticulate has a platy morphology.
 43. The method of claim 1, whereinthe aluminosilicate particulate has a bulk density greater than about 30pounds per cubic foot and a median plate thickness of less than or equalto about 2 μm. 44-45. (canceled)
 46. The method of claim 1, wherein themineral composition further comprises diatomaceous earth particulate 47.The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises an adhesive tape.48. (canceled)
 49. The method of claim 1, wherein the substratecomprises at least one of an agricultural commodity, a building surface,a furniture surface, a wood chip and a netting.
 50. The method of claim1, wherein the aluminosilicate particulate has a water absorption lessthan about 40 percent by weight and wherein the agricultural commoditycomprises at least one of a crop, a plant, a seed, a grain, and aproduct derived from a plant.
 51. The method of claim 1, wherein thealuminosilicate particulate has a water absorption less than about 40percent by weight and wherein the substrate comprises at least one of abuilding surface and a netting, and the arthropod comprises a mosquito.52. The method of claim 1, wherein the mineral composition is modifiedby silanization. 53-91. (canceled)